Theory Lesson Page

   Level 1
   Level 2
   Level 3

Level 1 (for beginning piano students)
1. What letters are in the music alphabet?
    Notes are named for the first 7 letters of the alphabet: A B C D E F G.  The white keys on a piano keyboard
    starting on the left, at the lowest note are A B C D E F G. When you get to G, the next white key is
    A again. This pattern continues until the very highest note on the right side of the keyboard, which is C.
    Practice saying the music alphabet backwards and forwards!  The black keys are grouped
    in two's and three's.  C is always in front of each group of 2 and F is always in front of each group of 3.
2. Which is longer, a quarter note, or a half note?
    There are 4 quarter notes in a whole note.  In 4/4 time, the whole note is equal to 4 beats. 

    This is the time used most often in music.  Because the whole note is equal to 4 beats,
    a quarter note is equal to 1 beat. There are 2 half notes in a whole note and so a half note is equal to 2 beats.
    Therefore, a half note is held longer!

3. How many lines are in a staff?
    A staff has 5 lines for easier reading.  (Many years ago, a staff might have as many as 11 lines!)  Notes are
    placed both on lines and in the spaces in order to make full use of the staff.  Every line and space points to
    one key on the keyboard!

4. How many spaces?
    There are 4 spaces in between the 5 lines.  The staff goes: line, space, line, space, line, space, line, space, line.

5. What is the name of the sign that is put on the staff for playing notes below middle C?
    Bass clef. This sign tells us to give the lines and spaces of the staff, letter names beginning on the 2nd G
    from the lower end of the piano keyboard.

6. What is the name of the sign on the staff for playing notes above middle C?
    Treble clef.  This sign tells us to give the lines and spaces of the staff letter names beginning on the 4th E
    from the lower end of the piano keyboard.  When you put them together, you get a grand staff.

7. Can you name the line notes of the Treble Clef?
8. What are the space notes for the Treble Clef?
9. What are the line notes for the Bass Clef?
10. What are the space notes for the Bass Clef? 

    The lowest note on the Bass staff, is the line note, G.  This is the 2nd G from the low end of the keyboard.
    If you skip every other white key, you also skip every other alphabet letter and will come up with
    the line notes:  G (skip A) B (skip C) D (skip E) F (skip G) A.  The notes you skipped are
    the notes that go in the spaces of the staff.

    In between the Bass staff and Treble staff is B, Middle C, and D.  B is on the top of the Bass staff.
    Middle C is given a short line all to itself so as to keep a division between the two staffs.
    If Middle C had a line all the way across, there would only be one staff with 11 lines in it!
    The first note of the Treble staff is E (skip F) G (skip A) B (skip C) D (skip E) F.
    The notes that were skipped are the notes in the spaces.

Challenge!  Write down all the words in green.  Write a definition beside each word.
           If you can't read or write yet, ask a parent to help you do this out loud.

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Level 2

1. What notes are in the C scale?  A scaleis made up of notes that follow a set pattern.  Scales are chosen
    according to the sound desired by the person writing, or composing, the music.  Chords and melodies
    are then made from the notes in the scale.   The most common scale pattern we use is the major scale.
    The major scale has a happy and light-hearted sound to it.  It is made up of 2 whole steps,
    a half step, 3 whole steps and a half step.  (A whole step has one key in between and a half step
    has no keys between.)   Using your index finger, play the following notes on the keyboard:
    C D E F G A B C.  This is the C major scale. Notice that there are whole steps between all of
    the keys except E & F and B & C. There are half steps between them.

    Now try this same pattern beginning on the G note instead. You will notice that if you follow
    the pattern correctly, that instead of F, you have to play F#.  Try this pattern beginning on all
    of the white keys (A through G).  When you have the pattern memorized, try this pattern beginning
    on the black keys.  Write down the notes of each scale as you go and also memorize the sound.
    When you play an incorrect note, you will hear the mistake as it will cause a change in the pattern.

2. What notes make up a C chord?
3. What are the names of the other two primary chords in the key of C?
4. Besides letter names, what Roman numerals are used to name the primary chords?
5. What letters make up a G7 chord?
6. What letters make up an F chord?
7. What scale has one sharp?
8. What are the primary chords in the G scale?

    To get a chord that matches a melody, (use the C scale as an example: C D E F G A B C)
    number the notes of your scale, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.  Skipping every other note of the scale, and
    beginning on the first note, you get: C E G

    This is the C chord. In the key of C, it is called the ONE chord because it is built
    on the first note of the scale.  Notes of scales are also called scale degrees.  However, Roman numerals
    are used to number chords.  Rather than "1" or "one", we call it a "I" chord!

    You can determine a chord for each scale degree by beginning on a that scale degree
    and skipping every other letter of the scale to create a chord. The most common chord is
    called a triad and is made of 3 notes, but 4 notes is pretty common as well.
    When you start getting into 5 and 6 note chords, your music begins to take on a more
    "jazzy" flavor. Here is an example beginning on C:  C E G is a triad.  C E G B is a 4 note chord
    called a major 7th chord.  C E G B D is a 5 note chord. etc.  Notes can be changed in a chord
    by raising or lowering them, but this then steps outside the chosen scale and requires
    another whole theory lesson!

    A primary chord is a chord built on scale degrees 1, 4 or 5.  If you are in the key of C,
    skipping every other letter, beginning on the 4th note of the scale, F, will get you a chord
    called the F chord.  This chord has the letters "F A C" in it and is called the IV chord because
    it is built on the 4th degree of the scale.

    Following the same procedure, if you begin on G, (the 5th scale degree), and skip every other letter
    you will get the letters "G B D F" which make up a G7 chord, also called the V7 chord in the key of C
    because it is built on the 5th degree of the scale.  The "7" comes from the fact that the F at the end of the
    chord is 7 letters above the first note of the chord, G.

9. How many 16 notes fit into a quarter note? 4 because 16th notes are equal to 1/4 beat each.

10.  How many 8th notes fit into a whole note? 8 because 8th notes are equal to 1/2 beat each.

  Challenge!  Write down all the words in green.  Write a definition beside each word.
 

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Level 3

1. Name the order of flats as they go on the staff.
2. Name the order of sharps as they go on the staff.
    A key with one flat will have a Bb in the key signature .  If a key has 2 flats, it will use the Bb, plus an Eb.
    If a key has three flats, it will use the Bb, the Eb, plus an Ab. The order never changes.
    You always start with Bb.  If your key has 7 flats, the order will be: B, E, A, D, G, C, F.
    Sharps work the same way, but in the opposite order:  F, C, G, D, A, E, B.   The first four letters of the order
    of flats spell the word "BEAD". If you can think of three other words beginning with G, C and F that are easy
    for you to remember, you can then, by memory, know both the order of flats and sharps.
 

3. What major key has 4 flats? If you follow the pattern for a major scale(Whole step=W and Half step=H)
    W, W, H, W, W, W, H, you will use Ab, Bb, C, Db, Eb, F, G, Ab for the Ab major scale. This results in 4 flats.

4. What major key has 4 sharps? If you follow the pattern for a Major scale (Whole step=W and Half step=H)
    W, W, H, W, W, W, H, you will use E, F#, G#, A, B, C#, D#, E for the E major scale.  This results in 4 sharps.

5. What is the relative minor to C major? Relative minors are always 3 letters below their related major key.
    Going backwardS:  C, B, A means a minor is the relative minor to C major.  They have different letter names
    but share the same key signature.

6. What is the parallel minor to C major?  A key that is said to be a "parallel minor" to another key shares the same letter
    name.  For example c minor and C major, or a minor and A major.  Though the letter names are the same, the key
    signatures will be different.  (c minor has 3 flats and C major has none.)

7. What interval is C up to Bb?
8. What interval is D up to G?
9. What interval is A down to E?
10. What interval is B down to F?

    An interval is the distance between any two notes.    There are two important things to learn about intervals:
    What each one is called and how each one sounds.   Intervals can be put into one of the following classifications:

•     Seconds (2nds) and Sevenths (7ths)
•     Fourths (4ths), Fifths (5ths) and Octaves
•     Thirds (3rds) and Sixths (6ths)
•     Tritones

    Each classification is made up of intervals that have similar qualities in sound.
    2nds and 7ths  are very dissonant.  4ths, 5ths and octaves are percussive in sound.  3rds and 6ths sound
    beautiful and bell-like.  Tritones sound quite scary!

    There are two types of 2nds and 7ths.  They are minor 2nds and 7ths and major 2nds and 7ths.
    If you know your scales well, intervals are much easier. You can know whether or not an interval is
    major or minor by whether or not it is part of the scale your piece of music is in.  Let's use C major scale
    as an example:  C D E F G A B C.  You first determine the number of your interval by how many letters
    apart the two notes are:  For example:  B is the 7th letter up from C, so you can know that it is some type
    of 7th.  In a major key, intervals are major if they are included in the scale of the piece of music.
    They are minor if they are not. For example:  C to D is a major 2nd because both notes are in the scale.
    C to Db is a minor 2nd because Db is not part of the scale.

    There are two types of 3rds and 6ths as well.  They are also called minor 3rds and minor 6ths and major 3rds
   and major 6ths.  An example, using the C major scale:  C to E is a third because E is the 3rd letter from C.  It is
    a major interval because E is part of the C scale.  C to Eb is a minor 3rd because Eb is not part of the scale.

    In a minor scale, intervals are minor if part of the scale (with the exception of the major 2nd between
    scale degree 1 and 2 and the raised 7th used to create a leading tone.)

    4ths and 5ths and octaves are said to be perfect.  Perfect intervals will be a part of the scale the piece is in.
    Again, using C scale:  C to F is called a perfect 4th because F is part of the scale.

    C to F# is an augmented 4th because it is one half step higher.  C to Gb is an example of a diminshed 5th because
     it is one half step lower.  Another name for this "scary" sounding interval is the tritone! Note that Gb
    and F# are enharmonic (or the same tone.)

    What happens if you do not know a scale very well, or the piece of music is passing from key to key to key?  You can
    figure out what a given interval is not only by using a scale, or how it sounds, but by how many half steps are
    between the tones.  Here is a chart (m stands for minor and M stands for Major):

    m2nd: 1 half step            M2nd:2 half steps          m3rd: 3 half steps         M3rd:  4 half steps

   P4th: 5 half steps             Tritone: 6 half steps        P5th:  7 half steps        m6th:  8 half steps

   M6th:  9 half steps           m7th:  10 half steps        M7th: 11 half steps      P8th:  12 half steps
 
 
 

  Challenge!  Write down all the words in green. Write a definition beside each word.
 

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